Textual-Criticism on J. David Stark

What English Readers Need to Know about Mistakes in Gadamer's Truth and Method

Mon, 20 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

H.-G. Gadamer’s Truth and Method is a key text on hermeneutical theory. The newest English edition is a wonderful resource, but it’s not without problems.

How to Find Your Way around the Aleppo Codex

Mon, 10 Feb 2025 12:00:00 +0000

Printed texts have their virtues. But sometimes you need to look at a manuscript. Here’s how to find your way around the Aleppo Codex.

Irenaeus on 666 and 616

Wed, 11 Sep 2024 12:09:42 +0000

Irenaeus of Lyons

In his Against Heresies, Irenaeus argues that 666 is a particularly “fitting” number for the name of the beast in Rev 13:18:

since he sums up in his own person all the commixture of wickedness which took place previous to the deluge, due to the apostasy of the angels. For Noah was six hundred years old when the deluge came upon the earth, sweeping away the rebellious world, for the sake of that most infamous generation which lived in the times of Noah. And [Antichrist] also sums up every error of devised idols since the flood, together with the slaying of the prophets and the cutting off of the just {cf. Matt 24:37–38/ Luke 17:26–27}. For that image which was set up by Nebuchadnezzar had indeed a height of sixty cubits, while the breadth was six cubits; on account of which Ananias, Azarias, and Misaël, when they did not worship it, were cast into a furnace of fire, pointing out prophetically, by what happened to them, the wrath against the righteous which shall arise towards the [time of the] end {cf. Matt 24:15/ Mark 13:14}. For that image, taken as a whole, was a prefiguring of this man’s coming, decreeing that he should undoubtedly himself alone be worshipped by all men {cf. Rev 13:15}. Thus, then, the six hundred years of Noah, in whose time the deluge occurred because of the apostasy, and the number of the cubits of the image for which these just men were sent into the fiery furnace, do indicate the number of the name of that man in whom is concentrated the whole apostasy of six thousand years, and unrighteousness, and wickedness, and false prophecy, and deception; for which things’ sake a cataclysm of fire shall also come [upon the earth]. (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 5.29.2 [ ANF 1:558; affiliate disclosure] square brackets original; curled brackets added)

Larger Cambridge Septuagint Online

Tue, 25 Oct 2022 10:04:02 +0000

The Larger Cambridge Septuagint project, The Old Testament in Greek according to the Text of Codex Vaticanus, had 9 fascicles published from 1909 to 1940. These fascicles are available in full-text PDFs via Internet Archive:

Octateuch and Later Historical Books((For making me aware of this section, I’m grateful to Karen Jobes and Moíses Silva, Invitation to the Septuagint, 2nd ed. ( affiliate disclosure), 68n12.))
Esther, Judith, Tobit

Although the Larger Cambridge series is incomplete and has been superseded by the Göttingen edition, the volumes are still quite valuable and, for the texts they cover, perhaps also much more accessible than the corresponding Göttingen volumes.

How to Avoid Missing Manuscript Images

Mon, 06 Apr 2020 12:00:48 +0000

In INTF’s database, sometimes a transcription isn’t available or a manuscript image is harder to read. In these cases, check external image repositories.

How to Quickly See Manuscript Information in INTF's Database

Mon, 30 Mar 2020 12:00:00 +0000

With the document ID handy, INTF’s Liste search makes it quite easy to see additional information about that manuscript—and possibly the manuscript itself.

What You Need to Know to Use INTF's Document ID System

Mon, 09 Mar 2020 13:30:00 +0000

Once you understand INTF’s system, you can call up any manuscript in the database. For Greek New Testament witnesses, the document ID is a 5-digit sequence.

What Do You Do When Your Critical Apparatus Is Confusing?

Mon, 02 Mar 2020 12:00:00 +0000

A modern Greek New Testament’s critical apparatus holds a wealth of information. When you’re uncertain what the apparatus means, consult the manuscripts.

Daily Gleanings: Textual Criticism (2 January 2020)

Thu, 02 Jan 2020 16:00:12 +0000

Now available from Brill is Donald Parry’s treatment of the Dead Sea Isaiah scrolls and their variants.

Daily Gleanings: Community Rule (31 December 2019)

Tue, 31 Dec 2019 16:00:06 +0000

Sarianna Metso’s edition of the Community Rule addresses all surviving witnesses for the Rule and includes a critical apparatus.

Daily Gleanings: Paul (26 December 2019)

Thu, 26 Dec 2019 16:00:20 +0000

Katja Kujanpää discusses Paul’s quotation in Rom 11:35 and argues that it comes not from Job 41:3 but from Isa 40:14.

Daily Gleanings: Bezae (25 December 2019)

Wed, 25 Dec 2019 16:00:14 +0000

Pasi Hyytiäinen discusses the “Evolving Gamaliel Tradition in Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, Acts 5:38–39.”

Daily Gleanings: Textual Criticism (27 November 2019)

Wed, 27 Nov 2019 16:00:34 +0000

Peter Gurry distills five lessons for budding scholars. Textual criticism isn’t something you can afford to ignore if you’re dealing with the biblical text.

Daily Gleanings: 1 Enoch (22 November 2019)

Fri, 22 Nov 2019 16:00:03 +0000

Daily Gleanings about 1 Enoch and the problems with establishing a Second Temple period text for it.

Daily Gleanings: Church Fathers (15 November 2019)

Fri, 15 Nov 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings about the importance of doing textual criticism on the texts of church fathers.

Daily Gleanings: Scribal Habits (1 November 2019)

Fri, 01 Nov 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings about the problems of studying scribal habits via work on singular readings.

Daily Gleanings: Textual Criticism (18 October 2019)

Fri, 18 Oct 2019 16:00:48 +0000

Daily Gleanings from Peter Gurry about textual criticism and preferences regarding explanations from intentional and unintentional changes.

Daily Gleanings: Ezekiel (16 October 2019)

Wed, 16 Oct 2019 16:00:47 +0000

Daily Gleanings about newly digitized fragments of MS 967 containing Greek text of Ezekiel.

Daily Gleanings: Martha (8 October 2019)

Tue, 08 Oct 2019 16:00:27 +0000

Daily Gleanings about Martha as an interpolation in John’s gospel.

Daily Gleanings: Septuagint (4 September 2019)

Wed, 04 Sep 2019 12:27:20 +0000

Daily Gleanings about Siegfried Kreuzer’s “Introduction to the Septuagint.”

Daily Gleanings: Textual Criticism (20 August 2019)

Tue, 20 Aug 2019 16:00:01 +0000

Daily Gleanings with Peter Gentry on his Göttingen volume for Ecclesiastes and continuing comment from Peter Gurry on the Johannine comma.

Daily Gleanings: Manuscript Matters (15 August 2019)

Thu, 15 Aug 2019 16:00:55 +0000

Daily Gleanings about manuscript structure (ektheses) and using Patristic citations for textual criticism of the Greek New Testament.

Daily Gleanings: Manuscript Preservation (7 August 2019)

Wed, 07 Aug 2019 16:00:33 +0000

Daily Gleanings from Dan Wallace about CSNTM and Roger Pearse about the longevity of manuscripts in antiquity.

Daily Gleanings: Textual Criticism (6 August 2019)

Tue, 06 Aug 2019 16:00:12 +0000

Daily Gleanings from John Meade about the Göttingen Septuagint volume for Ecclesiastes and Peter Gurry on the Johannine comma’s origin story.

Daily Gleanings: Textual Criticism (29 July 2019)

Mon, 29 Jul 2019 16:00:13 +0000

Daily Gleanings about the Göttingen Septuagint volume on Ecclesiastes and possible new fragments of 1 Corinthians.

Daily Gleanings (26 July 2019)

Fri, 26 Jul 2019 16:00:38 +0000

Daily Gleanings from Logos about plotting search results on a timeline and from William Ross about the Song of Songs in Greek.

Daily Gleanings: New Books (23 July 2019)

Tue, 23 Jul 2019 16:00:01 +0000

Daily Gleanings from Richard Middleton on Christian worldview and ethics and from Larry Hurtado on scribal and readerly changes.

Daily Gleanings (19 July 2019)

Fri, 19 Jul 2019 16:00:01 +0000

Daily Gleanings about the Muratorian fragment and the expansion of one’s English vocabulary through reading German texts.

Daily Gleanings (4 July 2019)

Thu, 04 Jul 2019 16:00:52 +0000

Daily Gleanings from Brice Jones about P.Oxy. 83.5345 (a “first-c.” Mark fragment) and Larry Hurtado about Darina Staudt’s, “Der eine und einzige Gott.”

Daily Gleanings: Book Reviews (28 June 2019)

Fri, 28 Jun 2019 16:00:59 +0000

Daily Gleanings about Mike Aubrey’s discussion of new books in Greek linguistics and Mark Ward’s review of Dirk Jonkind’s “Introduction to the GNT.”

Daily Gleanings: Textual Criticism (21 June 2019)

Fri, 21 Jun 2019 16:00:09 +0000

Daily Gleanings about multi-spectral images from CSNTM and an open access series from Gorgias in partnership with De Gruyter.

Daily Gleanings: New Books (18 June 2019)

Tue, 18 Jun 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings about Colin Whiting’s “Documents from the Luciferians” and Crawford and Zola’s “Gospel of Tatian.”

Daily Gleanings (13 June 2019)

Thu, 13 Jun 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings from Todoist on the Pomodoro technique and Peter Gurry on the Harklean Syriac.

Daily Gleanings (12 June 2019)

Wed, 12 Jun 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings from Larry Hurtado about early Alexandrian scholarship and INTF about how ECM handles patristic material.

Daily Gleanings (7 June 2019)

Fri, 07 Jun 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings from John Meade about his edition of Hexaplaric fragments for Job 22–42 and Brill about open access articles for 50th anniversary of JSJ.

Daily Gleanings (6 June 2019)

Thu, 06 Jun 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings about criteria for determining authenticity and Brill’s “Dictionary of Ancient Greek.”

Daily Gleanings: Thoughts from Larry Hurtado (31 May 2019)

Fri, 31 May 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings from Larry Hurtado about early Christian investment in manuscripts and “extant” evidence.

Daily Gleanings (24 May 2019)

Fri, 24 May 2019 16:00:00 +0000

University College London has posted on YouTube their 1971 documentary Greek Papyri: The Rediscovery of the Ancient World.

HT: Tommy Wasserman

Sean Hadley, one of our current PhD students in Humanities, positively reviews Robbie Castleman, Darian Lockett, and Stephen Presley’s edited volume Explorations in Interdisciplinary Reading: Theological, Exegetical, and Reception Historical Perspectives (Pickwick, 2017). Along the way, Sean provides some kind comments about my contribution in the volume.

Daily Gleanings (22 May 2019)

Wed, 22 May 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Freedom discusses how to use their “block all except” whitelisting feature to block out distractions and interruptions.

For more discussion of Freedom, see these prior posts.

John Meade surveys ch. 4 of Ronald Hendel and Jan Joosten’s How Old Is the Hebrew Bible?(YUP, 2018) and promises a follow-up post “attempting to engage the authors on one of their examples from chapter 4 with a view to showing how they think diachony and TC work together.”

Daily Gleanings (17 May 2019)

Fri, 17 May 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings about the “Text and Canon Institute” and improving performance by minimizing distractions.

Daily Gleanings (16 May 2019)

Thu, 16 May 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings about digitizing medieval manuscripts and plans for the NA29 and UBS6.

Daily Gleanings (14 May 2019)

Tue, 14 May 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Daily Gleanings about Codex Robertsonianus and the application of “YHWH texts” to Jesus.

Daily Gleanings (24 April 2019)

Wed, 24 Apr 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Gleanings about textual criticism.

Daily Gleanings (23 April 2019)

Tue, 23 Apr 2019 16:00:00 +0000

Gleanings about social media and religion, as well as newly digitized Greek New Testament manuscripts.

Daily Gleanings (17 April 2019)

Wed, 17 Apr 2019 17:00:16 +0000

Gleanings about focus and the Kurzgefasste Liste.

Daily Gleanings (16 April 2019)

Tue, 16 Apr 2019 17:00:41 +0000

Gleanings about Logos Bible Software and the Kurzgefasste Liste.

Codex Marchalianus

Wed, 09 May 2018 19:50:50 +0000

The Vatican Library has an online facsimile of Codex Marchalianus (7th–8th c.). The codex contains the text of the prophets and associated writings.

Codex Sarravianus Online

Tue, 16 Jan 2018 22:00:36 +0000

Internet Archive has a full-text PDF of Codex Sarravianus, a 5th-century majuscule witness to the Septuagint.

Crossway video about the Tyndale GNT

Tue, 05 Dec 2017 13:00:44 +0000

Crossway has provided a nice video introduction to the new Greek New Testament edition, produced at Tyndale House.

The Major Critical Edition Data for Acts Is Online

Sun, 03 Dec 2017 13:00:32 +0000

Holger Strutwolf has made the Editio Critica Maior for Acts freely available online.

Wasserman and Gurry on the CBGM

Mon, 06 Nov 2017 13:00:02 +0000

Tommy Wasserman and Peter Gurry have a new introduction to the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM).

Tyndale GNT to Be Available for Free

Fri, 27 Oct 2017 13:00:04 +0000

According to the Tyndale Greek New Testament’s FAQs sheet, a digital version of the text is set to be made available for free.

Harmonization Triggers

Wed, 30 Aug 2017 13:00:58 +0000

Dirk Jongkind reflects on harmonization triggers, especially in the Pauline corpus.

Newly digitized gospel manuscripts

Tue, 08 Aug 2017 13:00:42 +0000

The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts has digitized 10 new gospel manuscripts, with dates ranging from the 10th to the 14th centuries. For additional details, see CSNTM’s announcement or view the manuscripts in their online library.

Phillips on a textual relative of the Leningrad Codex

Thu, 27 Jul 2017 13:00:41 +0000

The latest issue of the Tyndale Bulletin carries Kim Phillips’s essay, “A New Codex from the Scribe behind the Leningrad Codex: L17.” According to the abstract,

Samuel b. Jacob was the scribe responsible for the production of the so-called Leningrad Codex (Firkowich B19a), currently our earliest complete Masoretic Bible codex. This article demonstrates that another codex from the Firkowich Collection, containing the Former Prophets only, is also the work of Samuel b. Jacob, despite the lack of a colophon to this effect. The argument is based on a combination of eleven textual and para-textual features shared between these two manuscripts, and other manuscripts known to have been produced by the same scribe.

Sinaiticus's B scribe(s)

Thu, 20 Jul 2017 13:00:10 +0000

On Academia.edu, Dan Batovici has posted an uncorrected proof of his essay “Two B Scribes in Codex Sinaiticus?” BASP 54 (2017). According to the abstract,

The history of scribal hand identification in Codex Sinaiticus is a fairly complicated one. The most recent identification, splitting the work of Tischendorf’s scribe B in B1 and B2, was attempted by Amy Myshrall in a 2015 contribution, as a result of the work on the Codex Sinaiticus digitizing project completed in 2009. This article will assess the argument proposed by Amy Myshrall for distinguishing the two new scribes, and it argues that there is not enough reason to adopt the newly proposed distinction.

Kraft interview

Mon, 26 Jun 2017 13:00:25 +0000

William Ross has an interesting interview with Robert Kraft that focuses on Kraft’s path toward and work in the field of Septuagint Studies, in addition to his hopes for its future.

An erratum in NA28

Tue, 20 Jun 2017 13:00:18 +0000

Peter Head has helpfully spotted what seems to be an erratum in NA28’s text of Phil 1:23. There is perhaps some room for debate on the matter (e.g., Maurice Robinson’s initial reply). But, Klaus Wachtel has taken “a note for a correction in the next printing of NA28” in the direction of Head’s observation.

Larsen on New Testament textual criticism and discussion

Mon, 29 May 2017 13:00:17 +0000

On Academia.edu, Matthew Larsen has posted his recent Journal for the Study of the New Testament essay on “Accidental Publication, Unfinished Texts and the Traditional Goals of New Testament Textual Criticism.”

Peter Head has started a related discussion on the Evangelical Textual Criticism Blog.

Wallace, "Medieval manuscripts"

Mon, 15 May 2017 15:44:04 +0000

In its first 2017 issue (currently behind the society membership paywall), the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society has a version of Daniel Wallace’s presidential address from the 2016 annual Evangelical Theological Society meeting: “Medieval Manuscripts and Modern Evangelicals: Lessons from the Past, Guidance for the Future” (5–34). Per the abstract, the essay focuses on

TNT Updates

Mon, 08 May 2017 13:00:34 +0000

Two latest posts on the Tyndale New Testament blog contain some interesting further comments about the edition and its preparation.

Tyndale House GNT

Thu, 27 Apr 2017 13:00:58 +0000

The Tyndale House Greek New Testament is set to be released with Crossway on 15 November 2017, just in time for SBL. The text is already available for pre-order on Amazon.

According to the volume’s blurb, the principal editors, Dirk Jongkind and Peter Williams, have

Oxyrhynchus Papyri Transcriptions from the Paulines

Tue, 25 Apr 2017 13:00:21 +0000

Geoffrey Smith has made available offprints of new transcriptions for 5258 (132), containing fragments of Eph 3:21–4:2, and 5259 (133), containing fragments of 1 Tim 3:13–4:8. Dated to the third century, 5259 (133) is the earliest published witness to 1 Timothy.

HT: Andreas Köstenberger, Brice Jones, Rick Brannan

Textual criticism in Logos

Tue, 14 Mar 2017 13:36:34 +0000

Software certainly can’t replace expertise when filtering through text-critical data. But it can provide some useful assistance in pulling that data together.

For an overview of some of the text-critical tools available in Logos Bible Software ( affiliate disclosure), check out the overview in this video for how to use the textual criticism section in the exegetical guide.

TC 21

Fri, 11 Nov 2016 18:56:19 +0000

The newest volume of TC has been released, containing eight book reviews and the following articles:

Gregory R. Lanier, “A Case for the Assimilation of Matthew 21:44 to the Lukan “Crushing Stone” (20:18), with Special Reference to 104”
Aron Pinker, “A New Attempt to Interpret Job 30:24”
Georg Gäbel, The Import of the Versions for the History of the Greek Text: Some Observations from the ECM of Acts
Katie Marcar, “The Quotations of Isaiah in 1 Peter: A Text-Critical Analysis”

HT: New Articles and Reviews in the TC Journal — Evangelical Textual Criticism

Greenspoon, review of Tov, Text-critical use of the Septuagint

Sat, 29 Oct 2016 08:00:57 +0000

Leonard Greenspoon has a helpful review of the third edition of Emanuel Tov’s Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research (Eisenbrauns, 2015). Particularly useful are Greenspoon’s observations about changes in this edition over against the previous one.

Logical Impossibility in ECM

Thu, 14 Jul 2016 11:20:23 +0000

Peter Gurry reflects on the “logical impossibility” criterion that feeds into the Editio Critica Maior’s account of “variants”:

The Editio Critica Maior defines a “variant” as a reading that is both “grammatically correct and logically possible.” If it doesn’t meet these two criteria it is marked with an f for Fehler (= error). Neither criteria is completely objective, but then most of the errors so recorded in the ECM are pretty obvious gibberish. Occasionally, however, one finds cause…

Codex Rossanensis Discussion

Wed, 06 Jul 2016 08:00:55 +0000

Via the ETC blog and Peter Gurry, Elijah Hixson has an informative overview of Codex Rossanensis’s presence in recent news.

The following is a guest post from Elijah Hixson. Elijah is currently writing his doctoral thesis on Codex Rossanensis and two other purple codices at the University of Edinburgh under the supervision of Paul Foster. When I saw last week that Rossenansis had recently be restored I asked Elijah if he would give us a…

BGNT Website

Tue, 05 Jul 2016 11:32:33 +0000

The Center for the Study and Preservation of the Majority Text has a website dedicated to its edition of the Greek New Testament. The website also provides a copy of that edition as a free PDF.

The Byzantine Greek New Testament (BGNT)The Byzantine Greek New Testament (BGNT), is a new scholarly edition of the Greek New Testament. The BGNT base text is compiled from a consensus of readings from the Byzantine Kr or family 35 textform. It will serve as the comparison base text for both our online and future printed edition…

New Manuscripts @ CSNTM

Tue, 17 Nov 2015 19:28:06 +0000

From Dan Wallace:

New manuscripts digitized by the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (CSNTM) have just been added to our searchable collection. These include 10 new manuscripts from the National Library of Greece in Athens, the site of our ongoing digitization project for 2015–16.

CSNTM Website Reboot

Mon, 16 Nov 2015 14:28:55 +0000

From ETC:

Today, the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (CSNTM) launched their new and vastly improved website at CSNTM.org.

For details about the reboot see ETC’s post and the CSNTM website.

Stevens, John 9.38–39a

Thu, 12 Nov 2015 18:23:07 +0000

Chris Stevens has the latest article in the Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism, “John 9.38-39a: A Scribal Interjection for Literary Reinforcement.”

Review of Biblical Literature Newsletter (May 1, 2015)

Fri, 01 May 2015 16:09:00 +0000

The latest reviews from the Review of Biblical Literature include:

Francis Borchardt, The Torah in 1 Maccabees: A Literary Critical Approach to the Text, reviewed by Thomas Hieke
Cilliers Breytenbach and Jörg Frey, eds., Reflections on the Early Christian History of Religion—Erwägungen zur frühchristlichen Religionsgeschichte, reviewed by Thomas J. Kraus
Walter Dietrich, Die Samuelbücher im deuteronomistischen Geschichtswerk: Studien zu den Geschichtsüberlieferungen des Alten Testaments II, reviewed by Mark W. Hamilton
James D. G. Dunn, The Oral Gospel Tradition, reviewed by David B. Sloan
Paul S. Evans and Tyler F. Williams, eds., Chronicling the Chronicler: The Book of Chronicles and Early Second Temple Historiography, reviewed by Michael D. Matlock
Katharina Galor and Hanswulf Bloedhorn, The Archaeology of Jerusalem: From the Origins to the Ottomans, reviewed by Aren M. Maeir
Moshe Garsiel, From Earth to Heaven: A Literary Study of the Eliijah Stories in the Book of Kings, reviewed by Keith Bodner and by David A. Glatt-Gilad
Alison Ruth Gray, Psalm 18 in Words and Pictures: A Reading through Metaphor, reviewed by Leslie C. Allen
Mignon R. Jacobs and Raymond F. Person Jr., eds., Israelite Prophecy and the Deuteronomistic History: Portrait, Reality, and the Formation of a History, reviewed by James M. Bos and by Thomas Wagner
Ronald Jolliffe, Gertraud Harb, Christoph Heil, Anneliese Felber, and Angelika Magnes, Q11: 39a, 42, 39b, 41, 43-44: Woes against the Pharisees, reviewed by Peter J. Judge
W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Creation Myths, reviewed by Michael S. Moore
Daniel C. Matt, trans., The Zohar: Pritzker Edition (vol. 6), reviewed by Ralph K. Hawkins
Abera M. Mengestu, God as Father in Paul: Kingship Language and Identity Formation in Early Christianity, reviewed by Inhee C. Berg
Anthony M. Moore, Signs of Salvation: The Theme of Creation in John’s Gospel, reviewed by Brian J. Tabb
Valérie Nicolet-Anderson, Constructing the Self: Thinking with Paul and Michel Foucault, reviewed by Chris L. de Wet
Vernon K. Robbins, Who Do People Say I Am? Rewriting Gospel in Emerging Christianity, reviewed by Michael J. Kok
David S. Vanderhooft and Abraham Winitzer, eds., Literature as Politics, Politics as Literature: Essays on the Ancient Near East in Honor of Peter Machinist, reviewed by Shawn W. Flynn
Ryan Donald Wettlaufer, No Longer Written: The Use of Conjectural Emendation in the Restoration of the Text of the New Testament, the Epistle of James as a Case Study, reviewed by Jeff Cate

Review of Biblical Literature Newsletter (February 6, 2015)

Fri, 06 Feb 2015 17:45:33 +0000

The latest reviews from the Review of Biblical Literature include:

Daniel I. Block, Beyond the River Chebar: Studies in Kingship and Eschatology in the Book of Ezekiel, reviewed by Sven Petry
Reinhard Feldmeier, Power, Service, Humility: A New Testament Ethic, reviewed by David Briones
David G. Firth, 1 and 2 Samuel: A Kingdom Comes, reviewed by Ralph Henson
Martha Himmelfarb, Between Temple and Torah: Essays on Priests, Scribes, and Visionaries in the Second Temple Period and Beyond, reviewed by L. Michael Morales
Cornelia Linde, How to Correct the Sacra Scriptura?: Textual Criticism of the Bible between the Twelfth and Fifteenth Century, reviewed by Jeffrey L. Morrow
Kim Lan Nguyen, Chorus in the Dark: The Voices of the Book of Lamentations, reviewed by Charles William Miller
Jesse E. Robertson, The Death of Judas: The Characterization of Judas Iscariot in Three Early Christian Accounts of His Death, reviewed by Lee M. Jefferson
Michael Trainor, About Earth’s Child: An Ecological Listening to the Gospel of Luke, reviewed by C. Jason Borders
David Trobisch, A User’s Guide to the Nestle-Aland 28 Greek New Testament, reviewed by Michael W. Holmes and by Jan Krans

Milligan on the Papyri

Wed, 01 Oct 2014 19:38:02 +0000

Rob Bradshaw has made available George Milligan’s essay, “The Greek Papyri: With Special Reference to Their Value for New Testament Study,” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute 44 (1912): 62–78.

On the Web (April 15, 2013)

Mon, 15 Apr 2013 14:08:11 +0000

On the web:

Logos Bible Software adds select works of C. K. Barrett and the Justification and Variegated Nomism set to their pre-publication program.
Lawrence Schiffman considers Jubilees’ rationale for Torah’s commandments.
J.-L. Simonet comments on what may be some newly-identified lectionary leaves.
Tommy Wasserman notes the forthcoming Biblia Graeca from Eisenbrauns.

On the Web (February 7, 2013)

Thu, 07 Feb 2013 22:07:54 +0000

On the web:

Larry Hurtado comments on Alan Mugridge’s PhD thesis, “Stages of Development in Scribal Professionalism in Early Christian Circles,” which is currently under revision for publication.
Nathan Eubank enters the biblioblogosphere (HT: Stephen Carlson).
Baker is now releasing the “Teach the Text” commentary series. Currently available is Marvin Pate’s volume on Romans, and Robert Chisholm’s volume on Samuel is available for preorder (HT: M. Miller).

NA28 @Logos

Thu, 31 Jan 2013 13:36:28 +0000

Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th ed.

The 28th edition of the Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament, including the critical apparatus, is now available on Logos Bible Software’s prepublication program. For Peter Williams’ review of the edition earlier this week, see here.

Get Codex Bezae for Free in Logos

Fri, 25 Jan 2013 10:09:46 +0000

Codex Bezae with text Luke 23:47–24:1 (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Logos Bible Software is now taking $0.00 pre-orders for their upcoming edition of Codex Bezae. Among the manuscript’s noteworthy characteristics,

It is the oldest-known manuscript containing the story of the adulterous woman found in John 7–8, as well as a longer ending of the Gospel of Mark. There are also several apparent additions, including a story found nowhere else of Jesus addressing a man found working on the Sabbath.

On the Web (January 18, 2013)

Fri, 18 Jan 2013 14:53:37 +0000

On the web:

Mark Hoffman notes that Google Maps’ street view now includes several additional locations of significance around Israel.
Charles Jones identifies several publicly accessible dissertations from the University of Pennsylvania.
Dirk Jongkind reflects on Acts 17:3 in connection with the two latest Nestle-Aland texts.

PhD Studentships at Aberdeen

Thu, 06 Dec 2012 15:20:57 +0000

Christian Askeland highlights four PhD studentships available at the University of Aberdeen set to engage the topic of “Authority and Texts: Concepts and Use,” considering questions like:

What constitutes authority and provides authenticity to texts and what is the role of textual criticism? How should authoritative texts (including religious, legal, and other texts), be used and interpreted, and how is this issue determined? Is investigation of the contextual meaning of texts at their time of composition necessary to understanding and respecting their authority, or do different criteria exist which influence readings of texts?

Green Collection Romans Fragment

Tue, 27 Nov 2012 14:20:49 +0000

Dan Wallace digests the SBL meeting discussion of the recently announced Romans fragment in the Green collection.

Sinaiticus Facsimile Sale

Fri, 09 Nov 2012 15:19:46 +0000

Codex Sinaiticus Facsimile

It’s still on the pricey side, but CBD currently has the Hendrickson facsimile of Codex Sinaiticus on sale for $499, $300 off the normal retail price. According to CBD’s product page,

Hendrickson Publishers, in conjunction with the British Library, is now releasing a limited number of full color facsimiles of the entire Codex Sinaiticus. This edition includes both the Old and New Testaments, represented by “life size” pages (13.5" x 16.5").

Porter, "Early Apocryphal Non-Gospel Literature"

Tue, 06 Nov 2012 14:29:25 +0000

Stanley Porter has the latest article in the Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism, “Early Apocryphal Non-Gospel Literature and the New Testament Text.” Porter concludes:

There are several observations to make regarding the text of the Greek New Testament in the apocryphal non-Gospel literature. (1) The evidence for the Greek New Testament in the apocryphal non-Gospel literature is not as great as one might expect, and this includes the apocryphal Acts, Epistles (for which there is no text early enough or in Greek for consideration) and Apocalypses. . . . (2) The Acts and apocalyptic apocryphal literature is relatively sparse in its use of the Greek New Testament, and is virtually nothing compared to that of the apocryphal Gospels. . . . (3) The evidence from the apocryphal non-Gospel literature is the same as that for the apocryphal Gospels—in other words, that the text of the Greek New Testament was relatively well established and fixed by the time of the second and third centuries. (197–98)

Review of Biblical Literature Newsletter (October 31, 2012)

Thu, 01 Nov 2012 01:54:15 +0000

The latest reviews from the Review of Biblical Literature include:

New Testament and Cognate Studies

Jo-Ann A. Brant, John, reviewed by Matthew Gordley
Bart B. Bruehler, A Public and Political Christ: The Social-Spatial Characteristics of Luke 18:35–19:43 and the Gospel as a Whole in Its Ancient Context, reviewed by John Cowan
Jaime Clark-Soles, Engaging the Word: The New Testament and the Christian Believer, reviewed by Ronald Witherup
Gerald J. Donker, The Text of the Apostolos in Athanasius of Alexandria, reviewed by Justin A. Mihoc
Craig A. Evans, Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence, reviewed by Panayotis Coutsoumpos
Charles W. Hedrick, Unlocking the Secrets of the Gospel according to Thomas: A Radical Faith for a New Age, reviewed by William Arnal
Josep Rius-Camps and Jenny Read-Heimerdinger, The Message of Acts in Codex Bezae: A Comparison with the Alexandrian Tradition, Volume 4: Acts 18.24–28.31: Rome, reviewed by Vaughn CroweTipton
Christopher D. Stanley, ed., The Colonized Apostle: Paul in Postcolonial Eyes, reviewed by Steed Davidson

Second Temple Judaism

On the Web (July 24, 2012)

Tue, 24 Jul 2012 16:44:19 +0000

On the web:

Tommy Wasserman notes a new iOS app for New Testament manuscripts.
E. K. McFall has the latest article in the Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism: “Are Dionysos and Oedipus Name Variatnios for Satan and Antichrist?”
Dan Wallace recounts an experience of reading a manuscript that “doesn’t exist.”
Alin Suciu highlights Lorenzo Perrone’s lecture on recently-discovered texts of Origen’s homilies on the Psalms. For a selection of previous background posts, see here.

Origen on the Web (June 22, 2012)

Fri, 22 Jun 2012 19:23:45 +0000

On the web:

Jim Davila reports the discovery of some previously lost Greek homilies on the Psalms, potentially by Origen ( 1, 2).
Peter Williams provides a link to a set of images of the manuscript.
Roger Pearse comments on the press release and quotes Jerome’s catalogue of Origen’s writings.
Alin Suciu passes along a letter from Lorenzo Perrone, provides several updates on the discussion, and releases a guest post from Mark Bilby.
Dirk Jongkind comments on a textual variant in the text’s quotation of 1 Corinthians.

Dan Wallace Comments on Recent Manuscript Discoveries

Sat, 19 May 2012 03:27:29 +0000

Via Michael Bird:

New Romans Fragment

Thu, 19 Jan 2012 02:32:09 +0000

New within the past few days in Hobby Lobby’s collection of biblical antiquities is a small fragment from Rom 9– 10 (HT: Peter Williams). For the fragment’s brief spot on CNN, see here. The fragment’s proposed date is the mid-second century. The side displayed in the CNN footage contains five lines. The image quality isn’t fantastic, but the last letters on the fragment look like they could be ΕΚΤΟΥ, which could seem to put that part of the fragment at Rom 9:12 or 21. If line 3 begins ΚΡΙ and line 4 ends ΗΣ*ΣΟΥ, could we then be looking at Rom 9:20–21 here?

Textual Research on the Bible

Fri, 02 Sep 2011 12:01:51 +0000

Through its Academic Bible website’s homepage, the German Bible Society is offering a free download of the brochure Textual Research on the Bible: Introductions to the Scholarly Editions of the German Bible Society. The Society envisions that the brochure will

provide insight into this fascinating field of research. We have particularly in mind the interests of first-year students, who might benefit from a basic introduction like this. Thus we invite lecturers of exegesis and textual criticism to make use of this brochure in their classrooms. (Letter from the German Bible Society and Nida Institute)

On Sinaiticus's New Testament

Thu, 01 Sep 2011 20:00:00 +0000

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Peter Head responds to the recent, British Library blog post about Sinaiticus’s New Testament.

Codex Sinaiticus Facsimile Sale

Tue, 23 Aug 2011 15:12:00 +0000

Christian Book Distributors now has Hendrickson’s facsimile edition of Codex Sinaiticus on sale for $499.00. For more information, see the the product page.

Memory, Textual Variation, and the Septuagint

Tue, 23 Aug 2011 11:37:40 +0000

James Tucker considers Timothy McLay’s comments regarding memory and textual variation in the use of Septuagintal texts, particularly 2 Kgdms 7; Amos 9:11 in conjunction with Acts 15:16.

The AP on Hebrew Bible Textual Criticism

Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:53:00 +0000

Christian Askeland briefly responds to today’s Associated Press piece on Hebrew Bible textual criticism.

Donnerstag Digest (December 2, 2010)

Thu, 02 Dec 2010 16:04:46 +0000

This week in the biblioblogosphere:

Bob Cargill notes that, on December 11, the National Geographic Channel will re-air its special on “Writing the Dead Sea Scrolls.”
Brian LePort hypertextually ponders Derridean non-extra-textuality and deconstruction, and he notes twenty-nine doctoral theses that the University of Durham has recently made available.
Michael Bird shows how to benefit most from the new SBL Greek New Testament and notes that the new Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters now has its own blog.
Google Editions are poised to hit the e-book market later this month and allow fee-based full access to copyrighted titles. For some additional details and thoughts, see Blog Kindle and Google Books Help.

Get Metzger's Manuscripts of the Greek Bible on Kindle

Sat, 30 Oct 2010 12:21:24 +0000

Among the growing body of scholarly resources available on Kindle ( sans page numbers, unfortunately), is Bruce Metzger’s Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography. Sounds like a good thing to read electronically in bright sunlight to me. :-)

The SBL Greek New Testament on Logos 3

Fri, 29 Oct 2010 20:50:43 +0000

Along with Logos 4 users, Libronix users may now download and install the SBL Greek New Testament and its apparatus.

HT: Logos.

Oxyrhynchus Papyri on Logos

Mon, 19 Jul 2010 16:40:23 +0000

The equivalent of 15 print volumes of over 1,800 Oxyrhynchus Papyri fragments are now available to order from Logos via their pre-publication discount program. Details about the module and a list of the papyri it will include are available here.

Help Choose Manuscripts

Tue, 09 Mar 2010 11:08:33 +0000

Over at the British Library’s Digitised Manuscripts Blog, Juan Garcés requests suggestions about “which particular Greek manuscripts held by the British Library . . . you [would] like to see digitised and why?” To add your suggestions to the growing list of requests that the Greek Manuscripts Digitisation Project will consider, head over to Digitised Manuscripts and post your preferences.

New Manuscripts, New Blog

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 11:20:10 +0000

This morning, Tommy Wasserman introduces the new “Digitised Manuscripts Blog,” which will “report on various issues related to the current digitisation projects at the British Library, in particularly the Greek Manuscripts Digitisation Project funded by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation.” Wasserman especially draws attention to Juan Garcés’s post from yesterday. There, Garcés notes that “[t]he first phase of the Greek Manuscripts Digitisation Project, funded by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, will include no less than one majuscule from the 7th century, 33 minuscules from the 10th–14th centuries, and 16 lectionaries from the 11th–14th centuries,” and he mentions plans to “post on a selection of these over the following weeks,” a series that will surely prove interesting.

Payne on Vaticanus's Distigmai

Wed, 10 Feb 2010 05:12:40 +0000

Today, Philip Payne concludes his critique of Peter Head’s contention that the distigmai in Vaticanus “mark[] textual variation” and “belong to one unified system that was added some time in the 16th century.” To read the series in five parts, click below.

A composite PDF is forthcoming, as is Head’s revised argument that incorporates Payne’s critiques.

Donaldson, "Explicit References to New Testament Variant Readings"

Tue, 02 Feb 2010 14:16:06 +0000

Amy Donaldson’s dissertation on Explicit References to New Testament Variant Readings among Greek and Latin Church Fathers is now available in PDF format through Notre Dame’s thesis and dissertation database. According to the abstract,

In his introduction to New Testament textual criticism, Eberhard Nestle stated a desideratum, later repeated by Bruce Metzger, for a collection, arranged according to time and locality, of all passages in which the church fathers appeal to New Testament manuscript evidence. Nestle began this project with a list of references; Metzger continued the work by examining the explicit references to variants by Origen and Jerome and expanding Nestle’s list. This dissertation picks up where Metzger left off, expanding and evaluating the list. The purpose is to contribute to patristics and New Testament textual criticism in two ways: first, by providing a helpful catalogue of patristic texts that refer to variant readings; and second, by analyzing the collected data with a focus on the text-critical criteria used by the fathers.

Online Papers and Lectures

Thu, 10 Sep 2009 20:19:29 +0000

Michael Bird comments that the papers for next week’s Louven conference, “New Perspectives on Paul and the Jews,” are available for download. Of the presenters listed in the program, only Anne-Marie Reijnen’s paper on " Kosmos and Creation in Paul’s Thought" is not currently available.

Additionally, in the developing list of audio and video resources over at Evangelical Textual Criticism:

The Origin of Codex Sinaiticus

Wed, 01 Apr 2009 10:14:02 +0000

Over at Evangelical Textual Criticism, Peter Head just posted about a monastery excavation that links the origin of Codex Sinaiticus to Jerusalem.

If this provenance is correct, then it does, of course, constitute a substantive piece of evidence for a wider geographic distribution of the Alexandrian text type than is sometimes assumed.

Identity of the New Testament Text II

Mon, 30 Mar 2009 10:00:14 +0000

Wilbur Pickering’s updated (2003) defense of the majority text available online. Whatever one’s perspective on methods of textual criticism, Pickering’s analysis at least merits familiarity.

In concert with the theory of textual criticism that he outlines here, Pickering has also posted his own reconstructions of James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, and Revelation, according to the majority text. In these files, Pickering has also included textual apparatuses that provide his statistical analyses for selected variants from these texts.

The Textual Originality of Romans 15–16: Additional Evidence

Fri, 27 Mar 2009 11:00:40 +0000

Beyond these general reasons that the perspectives of Baur and others on Rom 15–16 are insufficiently supported, several other pieces of evidence also converge to suggest that these chapters, much in the form in which they appear in the modern, printed editions, are original to Romans.

On Origen’s testimony, Marcion truncated the epistle before the beginning of chapter fifteen ( Murray 2.265; cf. Carson, Moo, and Morris 246; Metzger 536). This fact, combined with the observation that Rom 15:1–13 completes the argument begun in Rom 14:1–23 strongly indicates that at least this part of Rom 15–16 is original to Paul.
Since only limited, if any, direct, textual evidence exists for the supposed fifteen-chapter version of the epistle, it seems quite likely that, as authenticity goes for one part of the section of Rom 15–16, so it goes for the whole ( Carson, Moo, and Morris 247).
The external manuscript evidence for Rom 15–16 is very strong, and the external, patristic testimony also seems reasonably good. Origen (ca. 185–254) includes this section in his Romans commentary ( Bray 353–81, 387), and both Justin Martyr (ca. 100/110-165) and Tertullian (ca. 155/160–240/250) seem to allude to it at various points ( Bray 360, 375, 387). With these last two examples, however, some caution must be exercised, since they do provide only allusions to and not direct quotations from Romans (cf. Bray xxii). Moreover, Carson, Moo, and Morris, 246, note that Tertullian, at least, does not quote from Rom 15–16 in places where he might have been expected to do so. Yet, if Tertullian was indeed writing against Marcionism in these texts ( Murray 2:264), he may have simply been attempting to construct his argument from texts that the Marcionites themselves would accept.
Finally, and specifically related to the doxology, very little evidence exists for its omission, and one manuscript (G), although it omits the passage, leaves room for its inclusion ( Metzger 534–35)].

Based on these factors, it seems that only the doxology’s specific placement may remain somewhat in doubt, and one must admit that discerning its original placement is no simple task. Of the three basic positions in which it appears in different manuscripts (i.e., at the end of one of Romans’ last three chapters), a placement after chapter fourteen (either in addition to or instead of the placement at the end of Rom 16) would interrupt the train of Paul’s argument from 14:1–15:13. This placement could, therefore, perhaps be preferred because it is the hardest reading, and scribes copying Romans would have tended to remove rather than create difficulties in the text. Yet, this reading could also have arisen because the Marcionites used and circulated their version of Romans, which ended with chapter fourteen ( Metzger 472). Reading the doxology after Rom 15 has the support of an early third-century manuscript (P46), but this textual basis is very narrow and may merely reflect a scribal idiosyncrasy (cf. Metzger 471, 473). The final placement possibility for the doxology at the end of Rom 16, of the three major possibilities, has perhaps the best breadth and antiquity in its manuscript attestation (e.g., א, B, C, D, cop, eth, it, vg). In the end, therefore, because of the possibility of Marcionite influence in the placement of the doxology after Rom 14, it seems most probable that the doxology originally appeared after Rom 16 and that Rom 15–16 formed the concluding section of Paul’s original composition.

The Textual Originality of Romans 15–16: Responses

Wed, 25 Mar 2009 11:00:25 +0000

The arguments against the authenticity of Rom 15–16 that have been summarized are, however, inadequate for several reasons, which including the following:

Far from a needless repetition of Rom 12:1ff, Rom 15:1–13 actually provides a necessary continuation of Paul’s argument from Rom 14:1–23 ( Murray 2:263–65).
When Paul speaks of ministering “from Jerusalem and around as far as Illyricum” ( Rom 15:19), he does not indicate Jerusalem to be the chronological starting point and Illyricum to be the ending point of his ministry. Rather, he uses these cities to designate the geographical bounds for the region of his ministry ( Murray 2:213–15).
First Clement 5:7 speaks of Paul reaching “the limit of the west.” While Clement may have surmised from Rom 15:25, 28 that Paul actually did reach Spain, this text at least provides ancient testimony to the plausibility of the Spanish mission. In any case, the fact that Paul did not mention Spain in any of his other letters does not invalidate the usage here any more than the destination(s) given in a company’s first bulk marketing mailing is invalidated because that company or its employees have not previously been to that place.
That Aquilla and Priscilla could not have returned to Rome and established a residence there in the interval between the composition of 1 Corinthians [ca. AD 55 ( Carson, Moo, and Morris 283)] and the composition of Romans is by no means certain, especially if Romans is dated later in the period of AD 55–59 (cf. Murray 2:267–68). Moreover, Paul’s greeting so many other people in a city he had never visited does not necessarily provide evidence for non-Pauline authorship of this section of the epistle, since Paul may well have met these people elsewhere, have been introduced to them through correspondence, or have known them through others.
Very little manuscript evidence exists for omitting the doxology, and the consistent testimony of the earliest manuscripts is to have the doxology present at some point ( Metzger 534). Additionally, hypothesizing a Marcionite origin for the doxology seems quite strange, since Marcion’s text of Romans did not contain it ( Murray 2:263).

The Textual Originality of Romans 15–16: Objections

Mon, 23 Mar 2009 11:00:22 +0000

Perhaps the most persistently thorny issues in textual criticism of Romans are related to: (1) the placement of the doxology, which normally appears in Rom 16:25–27 in modern, printed editions and (2) the cohesion of Rom 15–16 with the rest of the epistle. While distinguishable, however, these issues cannot be completely separated from each other, since, at the very least, the doxology appears to be an ending to something.

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Irenaeus on 666 and 616

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Daily Gleanings: Community Rule (31 December 2019)

Daily Gleanings: Paul (26 December 2019)

Daily Gleanings: Bezae (25 December 2019)

Daily Gleanings: Textual Criticism (27 November 2019)

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Daily Gleanings: Church Fathers (15 November 2019)

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Daily Gleanings: Septuagint (4 September 2019)

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Daily Gleanings: Manuscript Matters (15 August 2019)

Daily Gleanings: Manuscript Preservation (7 August 2019)

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Daily Gleanings: Thoughts from Larry Hurtado (31 May 2019)

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Codex Marchalianus

Codex Sarravianus Online

Crossway video about the Tyndale GNT

The Major Critical Edition Data for Acts Is Online

Wasserman and Gurry on the CBGM

Tyndale GNT to Be Available for Free

Harmonization Triggers

Newly digitized gospel manuscripts

Phillips on a textual relative of the Leningrad Codex

Sinaiticus's B scribe(s)

Kraft interview

An erratum in NA28

Larsen on New Testament textual criticism and discussion

Wallace, "Medieval manuscripts"

TNT Updates

Tyndale House GNT

Oxyrhynchus Papyri Transcriptions from the Paulines

Textual criticism in Logos

TC 21

Greenspoon, review of Tov, Text-critical use of the Septuagint

Logical Impossibility in ECM

Codex Rossanensis Discussion

BGNT Website

New Manuscripts @ CSNTM

CSNTM Website Reboot

Stevens, John 9.38–39a

Review of Biblical Literature Newsletter (May 1, 2015)

Review of Biblical Literature Newsletter (February 6, 2015)

Milligan on the Papyri

On the Web (April 15, 2013)

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