In the second and third centuries, the church worked under several
different hermeneutical constraints, including: canonical development,
community boundary definition (vis-à-vis Judaism, Paganism, and
heretical, “Christian” sects), and hermeneutical method. Although this
period of biblical interpretation has long been closed, being aware of
the natures of these respective constraints can help us understand the
early church’s hermeneutical environment and gain better access to some
of their thoughts about scripture.
Regarding canonical development, within the patristic period the text
of the Jewish canon was essentially closed, but what has become known as
the New Testament was not yet a distinct collection. In this period, the
church sometimes used certain documents as scripture, although these
documents like Shepherd of Hermas or 1 Clement were
not eventually canonized, and the church sometimes refrained from using
as scripture other documents like Hebrews and Revelation, which were
eventually canonized. Additionally, the early church seems to have
viewed the Old Testament as having a higher status than the Gospels
[including the Diatessaron ( ANF 9:43–130)] and Paul’s epistles,
although a somewhat more egalitarian view was also feasible (cf. 2 Pet 3:15–16). For instance, when the
Epistle of Barnabas cites the New Testament, the references
seem to be mainly incidental to the main line of thought (e.g.,
Epistle of Barnabas 5:9; 4:14; 13:7), whereas the Old Testament
seems to be used as though it held more weight for Barnabas’s
author. In the earliest part of the patristic period, it was also
possible for Papias to say that he preferred the “living voice” (of oral
testimony) to what was written. By contrast, in Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho (ca. AD
165; ANF 2:194–270), Justin
explicitly cites the New Testament as scripture (e.g., §43, 100).
Justin’s use of the New Testament as scripture typified a growing trend
out of which the Muratorian Canon list (ca. AD 200; see Westcott 557–64) came and which
culminated in Athanasius’s Easter letter of AD 367 ( NPNF2 4:551–52). In this letter,
Athanasius demarcated what he saw to be the boundaries of the New
Testament canon, which have remained until the present day.
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